* 
5 


SSN 


Pamgted yey 
etree 


poh anak ts 
bd es n 


coins 


oes 


tpn ee 
BPA wwe nt 


yy ar a 
gene ern es 
oa een 


eee 

meer Nera de 
ee Asie 

oe he 


a 


ee a — 
. A rend ait 


vary = 
a yt 
eae ener} Sau 
‘ cS se cae 
= c- + A Pe . 
i. me ote 
_ ue 
~~)? oe 
bs ie 
» Ae 


~~ pw ees 
ot 


i“ 


fs Ne a 
en ape 


ya 


ee 
net 
Fr 
tha 


THE OCTAGON LIBRARY OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 


ONCE EID) UNE (SRO ee) Ta aVIRIRCIOS AWG RONDA CIR 


Volume I 
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 


DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY 
OF HEy EARLY SARGHITECTS AND BUILDERS 
WHOSE WORK IT HAS BEEN THE RARE 
PLEASURE OF sFHE EDITORS 
HERESTO RECORD 


The EDITORS ACKNOWLEDGE THEIR GRATE- 
FUL APPRECIATION OF THE KIND PERMISSION 
OFTHE VARCHITEGTURAL FORUMPAND® J.B: 
LIPPINCOTT COMPANY TO USE THE MEASURED 
DRAWINGS OF MR. ALBERT SIMONS. THEY 
ALSO WISH TO RECORD THE VALUED ASSIS- 
TANCE OF MESSRS. JOHN BENNETT, C. C. 
WIBSON 2 Psat iA = DF ho HUGGER = SMITH, 
FREDERICK H. HORLBECK, J. A. McCORMACK, 
JOSEPH E. JENKINS, WILLIAM G. MAZYCK, PROF. 
Jit BAS LERBY OPS THE COLLEGE OF /CHARLES- 
TON; CHARLES H. WHITAKER, EDITOR OF THE 
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF 
ARCHITECTS; MISS ALICE R. H. SMITH, MRS. 
G. E. HOFFMAN, MISS ELLEN M. FITZSIMONS, OF 
THE CHARLESTON LIBRARY; MISS MABEL L. 
WEBBER, OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA HISTOR- 
ICAL SOCIETY. TO MESSRS. TEBBS & KNELL 
ARE DUE ESPECIAL THANKS FOR THEIR IN- 
VALUABLE COLLABORATION IN THE MAKING 
OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS: 


THE OCTAGON LIBRARY OF EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE 


VOEUMESs! 


CHARLESTON 


SOUTH CAROLINA 


Edited by 


Ae Eiees  MONSEADITA. 


AND 


SAMUBLSUAPHAMS | ReeAs LA: 


WITH A FOREWORD BY 


SAM Ee Grate A RD e Sd. ON Ey 


A 


PRESS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, Inc. 
NEW YORK 


1927 


GABRIEL MANIGAULT - 1758-1809 


AFTER THE PORTRAIT BY 
GILBERT STUART, LONDON 


CHARLESTON AND HER PEOPLE 


CLUE to the character of Charleston and her people is to re- 
member that during their period of growth and greatest importance 
they were essentially of the eighteenth century. It was then that 
their culture crystallized, and their mode of thought, their insti 
tutions, and their very pronunciation keep the flavor of the age. 
From that time they preserved the tradition of the classic, with its intellectual 
freedom, its moral tolerance, its discipline in matters of etiquette, its individu- 
alism, and the spirit of logic which elsewhere largely perished in the romantic 
movement. 

No city was more intimately a part of its surrounding country, and none 
more influenced by it. Its citizenship, like that of Rome, was widespread, prac- 
tically embracing the planter population of the South Carolina “low country” 
(as the coastal section is called); but in this case the transient countrymen-citizens 
were the most powerful element in the community, and it was due to these 
great conservatives that the town never became a mere place of traders and 
professional men, but kept a mental breadth and social conscience almost un- 
hampered by business. 

Rice was the great crop of the region, and the rice plantation, with its 
scourge of malaria in summer, its systematized negro labor, and its rich harvests, 
bred a class of wealthy nomads, forced to leave their homes in the summer and 
well able to afford a long holiday in the winter. In the summer many of these 
families came to town, and during the months of the winter season, everyone 
that counted in the “low country” came also. There was a very strong aristo- 
cratic feeling among these people and they dominated the community. While 
the attempt of the Lords Proprietors, with Locke’s Constitution as a guide, had 
failed to set an hereditary titled class, the spirit, due to the very life they led, 
was very present. A man who counted his negroes by fifties and his acres by 
thousands fell easily into the mood. With material fit to form such a class, 
and the Whig aristocracy as a natural model, they were not bad rulers. 

The “low country” was a fascinating place to live in. The climate is pleasant 
the year round. Never too cold in winter to keep men within doors, it is sharp 
enough to temper their blood between summers. Its summer days, refreshed by 


5) CHARLESTON AN DARE RYE LO 2m 


regular changes of wind from the great water-courses, were never too severe 
to prevent Europeans from working in the fields. The malaria made the negro 
the agricultural laborer exclusively. Its fine native flora made it a land of delight 
for the gardener and the botanist. Rochefoucauld-Liancourt said that a park 
might be easily formed there by cutting the trees that were not necessary, the 
rest being fine enough, and a garden might be come at as easily. With the cli- 
matic necessity for large yards about the house, the town became a place of 
gardens. Two popular exotics immortalize her botanists, for poinsettias and gar- 
denias are named for Charlestonians. Near enough to the tropics to allow their 
more hardy plants to pass the winter in the open, the climate is not too warm 
for most of those of the temperate zone. Every garden has its figs and pome- 
granates, its peaches and oranges, its oleanders and myrtles, azaleas and camellias, 
acacias and jujubes, and roses. The country itself gave yellow jessamine, wild 
rose, live oak, and magnolia. 

The institutions of the place are hard to date. Two wars, with great de- 
struction of records, make positive statement of antiquity a rather dubious 
matter. Certainly the museum was the earliest in the colonies; whether the 
racecourse and theatre, the library society, were the first or only the second 
or third is questionable. That there should be a question shows what a rapid 
erowth in culture the early community made, and the list of activities shows 
the broadness of the culture. In music it had a society of gentlemen-amateurs 
who gave concerts from sometime before the Revolution. The society still 
exists, but it gives only balls now. 

The region had never been one which needed or desired industrialism. 
When the Revolution came, the Charlestonians joined the movement more 
from a desire for abstract justice than from any economic pressure such as 
brought more northerly colonies into the struggle. These fought for principles 
and won, only to find themselves engaged in a struggle of the same sort which 
was to last the better part of a century and end in defeat. When the power 
to tax gravitated to the northern states, it was used, as it is always used, by 
the industrialists, to exact tribute from the agricultural minority. Then, as now, 
the tariff was the method used. Finally, South Carolina protested. Unfortu- 
nately for her and for the country, the strongest President between Washington 
and Lincoln was in the White House. Jackson fought the Nullification Ordi- 
nance and there was a compromise. It was a mere truce, for the struggle went 
on and was further embittered by the slavery question. 

Charleston took a leading part in all of these struggles; they were all-absorbing; 


Cre leh le Ow AN Dit E Re PEOPLE vie 


there was no other road for talent, no other expression for genius; for three 
generations everything was thrown into the fight. Here, at last, was signed 
the ordinance which dissolved the old union forever, and here was fired the 
first shot in justification of that ordinance. 

If these people did nothing else worthy of memorial, they set up in their 
city records of a society and a civilization, drawn from an older time, preserved 
with anxious care, and transmitted with accretions of beauty and fitness from 
generation to generation. 

SAMUEL GAILLARD STONEY 


SL 


1) q a 


aut DST Taunt TTT 
Cc ee OA CN TTT 


yancyony 


btm a | 
» 


NNR RS == S585 7) Wt 
UCSC A manne i h 
Dy 

x z wae) 


 ———————————————— 


ALBERT SIMONS 


i 


Ne 


~ 
A 


4 


as 


es 


ST oe S 
| PR erate er Composite map of Cherleston 


1 ee MRA showing the original fortifjed — 

le ea uses OAS settlement creeks, streams. 
and fortifications of 4704, 
/7 80 and /812 asa guicle in 


the cdefermination building 
Cores 


aE aor ERE AOE SR. PE ee a 


CHARLESTON— A COMPOSITE MAP MADE IN 1883 


a Tk bea 
Bt Sa “ee ee 


6¢LI—NOLSATYVHO 


is tare bata 


9 Doperrnmninas y pease a buerey 


oe ae roy pte OL Emmy remarpany fe 00 OEE OO she 
i oa senyy Je AmGMENY YE PEMD PHY PPLE oye 
pf hk wad| ont abel ap Big Anh a Ge PAM ; z minca 
; igi poo MY \ DDN gremaeyerys Brerg Bp EDLY POD PY” COB, PE POM EV 
bap frit 4 OU, \¥F — = pe oe 
hyp evecare uy Wy NI DU YO. Me AME 
UP $ ae, Sep WH, yy pe 
rete hes afd PM YPUL NYY POG GLUED ‘ e ‘Yt f A ops 
Pecan priprst prrdpy* whryoury, AA z feHf* patie’ Do x AF ae 
puny” ry “poriyy > UGS \2X? (Hy Y Maint: 7 Ap pices 6 ee 
a - . * vt . 7, 
PPh» ppoye POY» fps | Rt periyy? Paapp\ P Jia “Y) 


Pandy + POL 


Fale / i my Y tek WE vH Pwrayy* yok 


ie AV a cas 


yyy # + } M3 
~OMMIE WEEMS, rary wwtn ) me Belg wrth A 
pacer if wera yy ab prynpre wens fe 4 searcrntractt ot IN. \ 


MPR POY MON OY, 


i r t { 
¢ Bt 77D WAIMONY * : E . ¢ 
) DEI MENDY “nggIr? ary) 2 AM Bes 

wh “on strueryobreyfartatoting,® reepreaisy winaint? 


ne serv emp eaticy wtbyecO STUMOIN peer 


rae f Ai ey 2g 
joi jean yy ae tate rit ee Pr 
| ye “AN GBT ae a . a 


a er MOI. -SETAVH I AAV YOON 


Hi PerR Ee REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 


——reSHE FIRST settlement of Charleston was in 1670, on the west 
5a RS bank of the Ashley River, at Albemarle Point. Ten years later 
FEN |X| the settlement was moved to the present site, on the peninsula 
between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, as being a more desirable 
position. These first settlers were English, but after the revoca- 
tion of the Edict of Nantes (1685) they were joined by considerable numbers 
of Huguenots whose refuge in the colony had been graciously encouraged by 
King Charles II, with the expectation that they would engage in the culture 
of silk, oil, and wine, in order that British commerce might become independent 
of France for its supply of these staple luxuries. 

Today, in searching for evidences of French influence in the architecture 
of the city, it is difficult to point out anything that is indisputably Gallic, for 
what is not English has rather more of a Dutch character. This may derive 
from the fact that some of the Huguenot settlers had taken refuge in Holland 
before coming to the colony; also, in the alluvial coast lands of Carolina, not 
stone, as in France, but brick, the traditional building material of the Low 
Countries, was available and extensively used. However, the French strain 
in the people of coastal Carolina manifested itself in an appreciation of and a 
desire for the monumental and judiciously proportioned in architecture, and it 
is the presence of this character in so many buildings of comparatively small 
dimensions that gives the city much of its individuality and charm. 

The period of greatest prosperity in Colonial times seems to have been the 
four middle decades of the eighteenth century. The planters were in the 
large majority, with much smaller numbers of merchant-traders and artisans. 
The cultivation of rice was started in the seventeenth century, and of indigo 
in the first half of the eighteenth. The original small grants were soon absorbed 
into large holdings and the plantation system was modeled on that of the older 
British colony in the Barbadoes, establishing a decidedly aristocratic basis of 
society. Although the planters were extremely prosperous, the largest permanent 
fortunes were amassed by the merchants, who were sometimes planters as well 
and men of highly diversified interest and great ability. Their staple exports 
were rice, deerskins, and indigo, with some pork, beef, and lumber. The deer- 


18 CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 


skins, supplied by Indian trade, came from a vast territory extending even west 
of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The principal imports were rum, beer, wine, 
Guinea negroes, and indentured white servants, as well as a great variety of 
manufactured commodities. The necessities of the growing agriculture created 
a constant demand for black labor, which the slave-trade was ever ready to 
supply, despite constant legislative efforts of the colony to restrict the traffic. 
Very little local capital was invested in the building or ownership of large ships, 
and just before the Revolution there were but twelve Carolina-built vessels in use 
between Charleston and Europe. With the exception of some interchange, with 
Portugal, of rice for Madeira, the greater part of European trade was with 
England; this, with considerable commerce with the West Indies, but very little 
with the northern colonies, accounts for the architectural influence of trade. 

The majority of the population was about equally divided in its allegiance 
to the Church of England and the Presbyterian Church; the remainder, mostly 
Baptists, with a very small number of Quakers and a few Sfardic Jews. The 
Church of England, being established by law, enjoyed the greatest power and 
prestige, but from the beginning of the colony, with Locke’s Constitution, “Jews, 
heathens, and dissenters” were permitted a religious tolerance rare in those times. 
Hence, the great variety of ecclesiastical buildings erected to serve a compara- 
tively small community: reat 


CuuRCH AND DENOMINATION OF TODAY Date or EREcTION 
1st Phase 2nd Phase 3d Phase 

St. Philip’s Episcopal . . . . . . 5 1) 3681-90 1412 1835 
St: Michael's piscopa lsc. yee aueeees 1752 (a) 
Sti Paul's: Episcopalois 3s. Pets ote were 1811 (a) 
French Huguenot. .. .. . . . .¢) 1681-pe-s180gea8 1844 
Congrepational (by ‘ira ay ce aes 1729 1804 
etuJohn's Lutheran! 2 ncaa ee 1815 
ot: Mary's Catholic (Selvin 1980 1793 1838 
Pirst. Baptist). Sy: ie ee ee rae 1746 1822 
Hasell Street Synagogue . =. =. . . . 1950 1'792 1838 
First'Presbyterian "> =o Gas ea. Baek ad (eee ee 
second, Presbyterian | wees face 1811 (d) 
Westminster Presbyterian . ... . . 1850 
Bethel: Methodist = aee= 7 eeure sn See 1797 (e€) 1853 
Spring Street Methodist 9 5s ame 1858 (e) 
Ditarian 9 tet ae oe ei ee eee ae 1772 (f) 1852 


(a) Offshoot of St. Philip's Episcopal. 

(b) Originally Presbyterian, becoming Congregational with the withdrawal of the Presbyterians in 1734. 
(c) Formed by the withdrawal mentioned under (b) 

(d) Offshoot of First Presbyterian. 

(e) Descendant of Cumberland Methodist Church (1787), third phase of which was burned in 1861. 
(f) Originally a branch of the Congregational Church. 


Ae ae et eR Ea) oe ONE RAY eer Re LD) 19 


The architects of colonial times were essentially operative builders trained, 
by the long-established traditions of their craft, to a more or less sensitive feel- 
ing for the proprieties of design as well as to a knowledge of the necessities of 
construction. They were further assisted by those invaluable handbooks and 
builders’ “treasuries” wherein were to be found a choice of several solutions to 
most of the architectural problems encountered in the general practice of the 
day. To this school belongs Ezra Waite, “Civil Architect, House-builder in 
general and Carver, from London,” whose exquisite craftsmanship is to be 
admired in the Miles Brewton House. More monumental and of greater scope 
was the work of the Horlbeck brothers, John Adam and Peter, masons from 
Plauen, in Saxony. John learned his trade in Berlin under Christian Buckholtz, 
and then worked as a journeyman in Copenhagen, Riga, St. Petersburg, and 
Woolwich, on a variety of civil and military establishments. Finally, after many 
adventures on land and sea, the two brothers settled in Charleston where they 
became the leading builders and established a business that was continued with 
distinction by several generations of the name. 

There were, however, besides the professional builders, others who, upon oc- 
casion, applied themselves to architecture, for the plans of St. Michael's Church 
were furnished by a “Mr. Gibson,” whose identity we have been unable to verify, 
and “Mr. Samuel Cardy, the ingenious architect, undertook and completed the 
building.” We know of no other buildings by either of these masters. 

Of the very earliest buildings of the colony nothing truly authentic remains. 
The city has experienced five great recorded fires (1700, 1740, 1778, 1838, 
1861), ten or more destructive hurricanes,and devastating earthquakes in 1811 
and 1886. 

The oldest dwelling houses, with few exceptions, that have come down to us 
hardly antedate 1740, the second of the great fires. These are of a distinct type 
which persisted, with little modification, until about 1760. They are built with 
rather thick brick walls covered with stucco made of burnt oyster-shell lime. In 
some instances this stucco is evidently later work, for where it has spalled it dis- 
plays a brick wall laid in Flemish bond with carefully pointed joints. Unlike the 
later houses, the first floor is only about two feet above the grade. When 
piazzas occur, they appear to be considerably later additions, arising from the 
effort to adapt the north European type of dwelling to a subtropical climate. 
The street front is not always in rigid symmetry, as the doorway or a wrought- 
iron balcony under a second-story window may be off center, according to the 
requirements of the interior disposition. The drawing-room is on the second 


20 CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 


story overlooking the street, and all the more important rooms are paneled. 
Mouldings are bold and simple and of limited variety. Where the original 
mantels have been preserved there is but little carved ornament. While the 
street frontage of these houses is often narrow, the lots are usually deep, 
owing to the large blocks formed by the layout of streets; thus each piece of 
property constituted a large messuage. Behind the privacy of a high garden- 
wall of lichen-covered brick, the house, with its additions and dependencies of 
kitchen, washroom, servants’ quarters, and stables, recedes in rambling per- 
spective, losing itself in an overgrown garden where fig trees and pomegranates, 
magnolias and oleanders clothe the faded stucco in a tissue of light and shade. 
Seen from the garden, these accretions of buildings have a frankness of functional 
expression that belongs to medieval times. Especially is this noticeable in the 
manner of roof intersections and the placings of chimneys and dormers. Most 
of the roofs have a steep pitch, adhering to the building traditions of England, 
the Low Countries, and northern France. Along the eaves the roof becomes 
perceptibly less steep, flaring out in a pleasing concave curve or “bell cast.” The 
rooftiles are salmon-pink, sometimes salt-glazed a deep purple-black, and glitter 
like bright metal when seen in the sun. In section they consist of a long con- 
cave curve with a short convex curve along one edge, so that each joint is covered 
by the next tile alongside; they are the same type as those commonly seen in 
England and Holland, and are quite different from the Mediterranean semi- 
cylindrical tile. That these tiles were of local manufacture is evidenced by the fact 
that quantities of them are still to be found in the abandoned brickyards of old 
plantations in this vicinity. Tiles, however, were not the earliest kind of ma- 
terial used for roofing, for shingle roofs are still found in place, sometimes under 
the tile covering. Slate roofs are also quite common, especially if the roof has 
dormers. The old slates are quite thick and rugged, and vary greatly in size and 
color. They were probably brought in cargoes from Wales, as the nearest 
American slate quarries are in Virginia whence the difficulties of transportation 
would have been insurmountable. 

The shapes of the roofs show considerable variety, and it is worthy of note 
that several of the earlier buildings made use of the gambrel or curb roof. This 
type is generally associated with New England, but was also tried out here in 
early times and given up, no doubt because rooms so close under the roof proved 
to be excessively hot during the greater part of the year. Besides the gambrel 
roof there are several examples of the “jerkin head,” in which the peak of the 
gable is splayed off by a third roof-plane giving it a snug and blunt expression. 


= 


eee 
WN poor LINES 


A 


\__, 
= Se \ 


ae € 


THEN 
\ 


mM 3 
i> 


cay 2 


ai ra 7 A= 
peGere 
=a 


| 


ae a be \, 
tees (0 Eft ES Jjnisc 
=e 


ii 


zy 
i 
_ 
om 
I] i 


ee 


— er 


= ALBERT SIMONs 


So = JERHIN HEAD ROOF 


22 CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 


The chimney-stacks are large, to allow for log-burning fireplaces on each floor, 
and flues ample enough for the free passage of a “a ro-ro boy” (chimney-sweep), 
as the old city ordinances required all chimneys to be swept. In almost all 
instances these large open fireplaces have been reduced and cribbed in with cast- 
iron facings of gothic design that suggest nothing so much as a frontispiece from 
one of the old editions of the Waverley Novels. These, of course, were ushered 
in with the introduction of coal-grates in the Victorian era. j 

An interesting detail found on many old houses is the insurance plate or fire- 
mark. These are oval plaques about eight by ten inches, made of cast iron or 
lead, bearing the insignia of the company with which the house was insured. 
Some of these insurance companies antedate the Revolution but most are a little 
later. Apart from their value historically, these plaques add a spot of interest to 
many a blank wall-surface. 

There are two small stuccoed houses, opposite St. Philip’s Church, that 
evidently belong to this early period. They are of especial interest as being 
probably the only houses now standing that are built of coral stone,' which was 
brought in as ballast from Bermuda. 

Practically all these earlier dwelling-houses fall roughly into two general types 
__the “single-house” and the “double-house”—and examples of both types con- 
tinued to be built up to the Civil War. The first has been described uniquely 
yet clearly as follows: “houses stand sidewaies backward into their yards and only 
endwaies with their gables toward the street.”* To enter the main hall, one 
entered the yard and walked along the side of the main body of the house until 
reaching the axis of the entrance door. The double-house (usually nearly square) 
is entered directly from the street, the doorway being on the front axis of the 
building. The plans of the Robert Pringle and the Horry houses, which stand 
side by side and are reproduced herein, illustrate these two types better than 
any description. 

From about 1760 to the outbreak of the Revolution, which caused the 
cessation of building, houses were erected of larger dimensions and greater 
richness of detail than formerly. The first story is raised well above grade, so 
that more head-room is gained in the basement, and the entrance is reached 
by an imposing flight of steps. This elevation of the first floor arose from the 
desire for greater coolness, and to lift the house above the danger of flooding 


1We are indebted to Dean H. D. Campbell, of Washington and Lee University, for the following identification: ““The stone is 
made up of grains of coral sand with a few grains of quartz sand loosely cemented together with carbonate of lime. I would not say 
that all the grains of carbonate of lime came from coral, but the stone would go under the general name of coral limestone. It is the 
character of stone that is found on coral islands.” 


27, Fuller, ‘ Worthies, Exeter.” 


eh baeiR Boh BVO LUO NCA Rey SEER CD ye 


by storm tides. The drawing-room still occurs on the second floor and is now 
high enough to enjoy the sea-breezes that sweep across the city and keep the 
air fresh and cool all during the long summers. 

There was, at this time, a great regard for everything British, so that the 
tastes and fashions of London were adopted in the colony soon after their 
inception in the capital. Most of the young men of wealthy families were 
sent to England to be educated, and upon their return home must have desired 
the same amenities to which they had grown accustomed in the mother coun- 
try. Instances are recorded of houses erected by London builders attracted to 
the colony by the opportunities for plying their trade. As a result of all this 
close contact, many of the houses of this period have little of that tentative 
and naive quality that is usually associated with colonial work but are very 
definitely a transplanted manifestation of English-Georgian architecture. 

This is especially the case in respect to the well-proportioned paneled 
rooms and the dextrously carved woodwork of mantels, doors, and cornices, 
following frequently the elegant manner of Chippendale with rococo and Chinese 
motifs skillfully blended. This gay and spirited architecture ceased before Sir 
Peter Parker’s ships (1776) appeared in the harbor to attack Fort Moultrie, and 
when, at last, peace was restored and prosperity gradually revived, a new man- 
ner and a different taste inspired the builders of the day. 


A 


iit 


g EE = ami I 

f ot)? AW Re al 

ki ga Be ue ; a 

| [eee == ill PUTTIN 1 pasen eons 


=! re GAMBREL ROOF 
oo , a OEE I RON OATS 


a 
v= 
—— 


“Heats 4 


-* 


ge 


+ Mi ace 
need td 


: au, 


Se >~-+ 


GIBSON, DESIGNER 


ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH— 1752-61. 


HOUNHO S$, TAVHOIW “LS 


(C6QI WaLAV ANOG-ATVH NI NOILWYOOIA) HOUNHO 8/TAVHOIN “LS 


Le. 


eo nse 


SGanguh'svesaae 
ee \S SO . 


a, 


EXCHANGE AND CUSTOM HOUSE— 1767-72. PETER AND JOHN HORLBECK, BUILDERS 


43% CI=,1 —BIVOS 


code 


Geen WIAs, 
6 2 UY trnrauaray YAMS 


© HG water | 
LEX, 12 Jaf SYSPYD-= | 
GAL Pre aeaip MEMS. | 


4 


‘é SS 


NY YONVHOXG | 
4ONOILVATIAZ 8 


LaaULS HOUNHO 69 . | \Laguis HOUNHO IL 
toLI auOsTA —ASNOH $,ALLOW AoOov! ¢¢Li auOdaa — ASNOH S$ NOLMAUA LUAMOU TANOIOO 


“id o ¢ “a 
gj 4 
_. 
* “a ; 


¢ 


ASNOH S$. ALLOW goovl 


Vieey 


hah 
aes 


JACOB MOTTE’S HOUSE 


F 
Fe 
Y 
zB. 


RE IN (ee 


THE HUGER HOUSE— ABOUT 1'760. 34 MEETING STREET 


aSNOH WANN AHL 


ith 


aSNOH WHONH AHL 


+ 
i 

4 
| 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
+ 
4 
4 
a 
>| 


ror ae 


‘MILES BREWTON’S HOUSE—SOON AFTER 1'765. 27 KING STREET 


pus 


yu 


5 si zs 


© meal % ; t 
ee | 
pee fe ee 


J 


key 
bn Pe 
Ma 


Sie elo 
RANG FO IAM 


5 


MILES BREWTON S HOUSE 


oF 


 % ¢ le 


= . d 
per = GX ee ae eee 


be ne pa 


MILES BREWTON 'S HOUSE 


Eee 
ENVIR ied 
Piper 12 


anya 


Elevation, = = = a a 


Plant Iron Fence and Brick Walls’ 


b 


= Measure d 


\ Aber tsimons\) 


1E 
abe fi 
ye 


c 


“Lime Stucco on Brh 


SMALL SCALE PLAN AND ELEVATION — I”=14' 9” 


13" / uv 
1” =1'-0 


16 


DETAILS 


Fd 


Bt ¢ G 
es ee 


MILES BREWTON’S HOUSE 


Plan f 2\gloor Miles Breavoten House 


| 
iit 
1 


| 
—s 


Seakt ins I2 C12 345678910 fect 


DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS 


Lf. ab al vote 2S Pee ee 


’ _- saa 
; a Pere ae 
+ ster bit Bere A aNR 
vo * er ee a 
Date ap Set tye Sela ‘ ee 
ik nk Cee 


90000 Hm 


Sr (J NS 


— 


he , a a -—— 


MILES BREWTON $ HOUSE 


“AA ELAD C0, 
os Atay 


4 
F 
= 
3 
Se 
5 ie 


: E 
MILES BREWTON’S HOUS 


a 
saa Td em CAS See 0D 1) A SF EE OFS = 8° Ch) PSM CD Tee 1 BINT: 


SY ry a 


Tr JF] 


[) a a A 
aes 
ha . Lg tye ths 


bssoard bree SII EIS GE ERTS ERT SY EES IES LS PIT SLRS AST A GD TS - 


LO EA et SS 


f an Sao ES re or SS Se SI 


o> i 


t II ] I l 


m 


‘ 


Ser Ss Spey | 


Ter 
coos 


4 
q 


ANTES 
POSSESS 


ys 
QS 
S 
cAI 


DELETED a 2 


MILES BREWTON’S HOUSE 


= 
4 


Qt 


DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS 


8 ee ee ee 
a eA ae. ae 


fer A 
z * BAUCH EME Ey. 


© Bs 
A i i 


tee sek 


aSNOH S$ NOLMaAYd SATIN 


Rais. Slee me SSeS r 


nee 
(pet emp eine 


“eg 


aSNOH S NOLMAUE SHTIW 


LARTER ORIOLE LNT SINS OE EO 


aASNOH S$ NOLMAUA SATIN 


ASNOH S. NOLMAUA SATIN 


SRS A cakes 


Ss eee 


+ on ss [hime EB 


i 


| 
| 
| 


SNOWIS LuadIv Ad NMVUd 


ae Se ee ae 


ONGOING AO NO/NOINGNG ISS 


er 


oe =F, eo Le 


= it Sap er 


ASNOH S NOLMAUE SATIN 


aSNOH S NOLMAYa SATIN 


vee stag 


Became 


sae 
ests 
bimcuneen 


SNOWIS LUAATV AG NMVUC 


ce 
— 
i 7 
‘ Be 
| t 
4= 
a a. , 
A 


i: 


Scale VIVES 2 B7iS7seresn LOLT 


THE HORRY HOUSE DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS 


aSNOH AWYOH AHL 


JP CA VF RD SZ 


jae 


i 


ap Oe A EO 
i 
{ 


ee a ee eee 


&. 
RR hee a 


j 


mj 


nye 


(cea al 


CL 


Second Story Drawing Reem of Horry Howse 


4 


7 wr Wr 
DO LwOSz 


AE APK NIX NICATION AAA NETS) j/ WZ, 
ow ITE. Yj BESANT ENE Sad ZIT STZ PSS SE PS DDO 
Trond Trop oyu Dy Upu Trtptyp tpt pty ll a7 roo. Tope ot Won 
GY 


4 
1] 
| 
Ny 


ai 8 ea 

eee 

eta bay fast 
sy 


LL lool 


lnonnanl 


SY S99 


[ 


rs x VST 2 J 2 


iu 


— 


y 
a 


DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS 


aSNOH AWYOH AHL 


| SEE ECTS pais 


ee nore 


fe 


pe Peer bee os Sue 
td : crrrerrererreert 


| Tian i 


Z 
j 


peer. Ll | digas 


UY) ° oO J 

4 3 
need go Ee ee 
LL, += mag ela LLlla 
: Sent 


DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS 


Laguis davuL oL ‘¥L41—asnoH $,aIONIad Luasou aoanfl 


if 
ad 


iit 


x 
% 


es 
eet 
a - 


Pa 
=. 


Zz rol a 


ASNOH $ AIONIYd Luadou aoanl 


6 


ane Se 
Pte 


Sle 


CaS ee oes om Oe Se ae Oe 


ox uA pHs 


Ue reer ey 


JUDGE ROBERT PRINGLE 'S HOUSE 


ASNOH $ AIONIUd Luagdow aoanl 


6 


Rr ae 
estes ene 


piesa roeakeh 


ss ng pinnt orae i lin name oneal 


rida 


¢ HMA hte 


OO tec 


OP Raita 
eterna 


LaauLS HOUNHO ANY AUALLVYA HLNOS "ggki WaLAVY—daSNOH S$ NOLONIHSVM WVITTIM TV YaNaD 


lida te na 


HERAEAL Star. 


img 


a 


ae 


aSNOH § NOLONIHSVM WVITIIM TY YaNdd 


c 


Hn 


TNIUUINT 
UNQOLIY ULHTHHT 


AIM TT 
‘mmm ian IMI | 


Se RT ee 
7 a es ee 
a a 
a a GANS A a - 
wow Ee VE Ef) 
“2 ga\eeSee 
rose 
Batiy seese- 
aN eSeee: 


ft + oe 7} 


‘a ME oad Ro ee 
an fe 


‘ 
. . 


LA 


jm 


a px , Si. 
4: ae oe Dae Se el 


GENERAL WILLIAM WASHINGTON’S HOUSE 


ieee 


eae ae 


<4 


ee 


ey 


Pereny od 
Pe eae 


GENERAL WILLIAM WASHINGTON’S HOUSE 


WSS 


ANY 


Sa 


ro 
PN MT DOO AEE i 


on ae 


“ate ete wo lh a re ean we 


HOUSE AT 21 CHARLES STREET (BOTTOM) 


CHURCH STREET 


CABBAGE ROW’ (TOP). 


6s 


beta 


15 MEETING STREET 


OUSE—ABOUT 1770 


JOHN EDWARDS’ H 


Noh ae se oy 
PV te st Pe 


- 

- 
- 
— 
- 
= 
al 
- 
= 
- 
e 


ated: Vere tere ve tee eID | 


, 


JOHN EDWARDS HOUSE 


SNOWIS LYdaTV AC NAVY 


Joo $i QLECF+SOLOEATUSIW, YOIS 


Die cat 


V4 
) Wve woovy Swravongy 
Y 
bs yop {epee woos 
- 
, is (©: 
ASN INS uy 
7G % i) ee y ~ FA 
Gy | ) a \ ‘sy , A 
an 

Ya Pe a 
7: Bi 

Ys ‘A 
Y \ 
y joeR Oe een 
j SS 
Y 
Y 


OS. NS 


SSS OWS SS 
DX 29S ES2 Bo ( 


Z 
Y 


SAO NARAYAN WAIARAAASAVSY 


MSS 


freee teehee 


Peewee caer tecsc) 


aSNOH sduvMda NHOf 


gpa cabins 


% EN FCT REE DESDE TOLEVEY 


ASNOH saquvMda NHOf 


6 


isa TITttrrrtrtet SsSeaRAR ER = rs t 


epenocrnetn aioe; een ‘cyte cemetia nn peter 


aSNOH sauvMdd NHOf 


LiL? BABERMRARASARNSAAAB AEM RL ERE AEA IAERSTAAS EA 


$ 
Lamereriyirty | 


LAAULS NAIND SF Lv ASNOH 


a a 


ET: PIRI 
MN 
MOE 


thy: re : (MA AAs 
idle ELLE EE 


VE 


ir 


a 


Bw 


fae 


ethene nnn in 


Ue TE 
VERT 


HOUSES IN TRADD STREET 


LAXULS AdATO “oLLi LONOGVY —AOVNOSUVd HOUNHO S dITIHd “LS LAIULS ONILAAN ST LY ASNOH 


6 


= 
= 
= 
= 
= 


mS 
eres 


"2 
+" 


1 


el 


a 


AYE 


aN 


Ty 


haz au 
LS 


aie 


2 


EE 


HUMPHREY SOMMERS’ HOUSE 


ee 


yt 
PAINU YA yi) 


Pye 
—— SY iy 
ere My yhytye 
Tas Sy tye 
te y 


és 


yyy” Oe te gy, 
Sie UOT 


) ) } 
} ‘ 
Wyn ke PERT wi 
= Py hytyis poy 
ap scons aL UCT tnt nY 


O)4 8) 
Vp ty igh 


phyryigt PPE ey 
HH Ayyayn 


ome 


Perera ayy 
Hi 
_ ‘ 
4 
es 
Le 
ae 


aa 


HUMPHREY SOMMERS’ HOUSE— ABOUT 1'765. 128 TRADD STREET 


: Ss = na = 
Cee eee 


I1O BROAD STREET 


5 


RALPH IZARD §S HOUSE— BEFORE 1757 


it~ 


st] 


aS 
fA 


Nil ; iy 


opt 


xi 


Curriage Drive 


Ptan LplOr Plan of I* floor 
Seale Ins Rovistsevesn goed EA wa) 


RALPH IZARD’S HOUSE DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS 


Pe IaaULs HOUNHO OF -€$—CrL1 NaaM.Lad —aSNOH $ HOFITAAT ADUOAO 


LaAULS SHAWIVHO NI ASNOH ANId LaAULS SHATUVHO 17 LV ASNOH 


t 
i 
i 


z 


| 
vibes i cee Uae fa Pa ities Uiiis: 
. tt : s 


7k 


eauen eens ae 
meneeee ° 


a eee il 


pe HE 


ree eg ee 


ia ir % me aie 
if Ui verre Bees i 
We , 


iN¢ 
aM | M Hv 


ABEL 


ee" —— 


iil MR SS AE 


COLONEL JOHN STUART S HOUSE— ABOUT 1772. 104 TRADD STREET 


SNOWIS LYddTV Ad NAVY SANIT MOV1Id AGITOS NI NV1d TYNIOIYO—dSNOH S$ LYVNLS NHOf THNOTOO 


JING Ss 2st2 tL 9USW) YI’ 
19994 % £9 wWAd 1007f 1 $0 UOTd 
LPOPQSLS* 


"i 


Ro 


| \ 
wooy 5 , 
Bes 7 Ba | Re | 
l a ae r= 
| a oss Oo = 
fee 
=o | 
= | os 
Ns Ah GMeses Se UIYoPBY : 
Wu _ N 
pared 2—] : 
N) 
—AACKR—aw’s 


ASNOH $ LUYVNIS NHOf THNOTOO 
6 


iii 


Se ee 


oat 


TPVOrT TH trv PHtriseyeees 


Sabai 


2 


Scak snr Fa 


= Y 
Yj 
CA A AAU /// 
oc Sees 
| 1 ‘ VE 


g 
4 
$ 
ee, = 2. 
Te RIL P SLIP TEELIDLETD Om ASLSIIELESIILSELIS Eta Ue 


VITIDOODOSD. 


WS SCR 
| 9) 


Ech Sososstse: 


2 
mY 
4 PILL LLL LLL ALLL LAS VA RSASASSASSaucasaaasa: 


\GasarereraragcIaeasooTeo2es. 


Seal (ne ti 


3 


6 


COLONEL JOHN STUART § HOUSE— DRAWING’- ROOM 


DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS 


aSNOH $ LYVNLS NHOL 1TaNOTOO 


Baal eae 2 on et 


Py gee . 
Se ———, 
- | 


. sin A 
RP stint ete try >> 
sooty vA 
rn 
jt emma (on 


ea 


Mi Rey 1D TR ash 
~ 


| 


ASNOH $. LUWNLS NHOL TaNOTOO 


Soa iit e 


HREM EIEN LOTT & 


aad eee 


LaGULS NAAND S¥ LY ASNOH —AVMUIVIS _ @SNOH §.LuvNLs NHOf TANOTOO 


IIIS Hi 
ASSEN iia 


A; 


se } 


aS 


aay = SA ke 


£ a, C,H, bap bn 
a lyon at iy, ey, i, AN, 
ve SIM, Hh, a. S, 
SATA ty OA ee 
“ A yn 


~ 


apes PO cet 


“SS AS 99 epee” 


on diet. sinenoie gate 


S—EASTERN HALF 


DANIEL BLAKE S TENEMENT 


ERS AT 45 QUEEN STREET 


5 


SERVANTS QUART 


ieee a 


8 TENEMENTS——BETWEEN 1760 AND 1'772. COURT HOUSE SQUARE 


5 


DANIEL BLAKE 


i 


Beak 


UP Giga aes 


*s TENEMENTS 


DANIEL BLAKE 5 T 


Be 


Scola 


DANIEL BLAKE'S TENEMENTS— EASTERN HALF 


ed 


Spenser seal 


ajiaitennnd deceit asian 


A Cotesia 


iii 


wii 


piiiti 


IN a 


b 
4 


reba bees 


mee tenes eterno mneninnrrireessetinratinnaennitnentnt 


TRELERA PSI ENERO LE OED ATE T NEE LET DD MER 


enned ne 


vi 


EMENTS— WESTERN HALF 


+ 


DANIEL BLAKE § TEN 


AWALLVG HLNOs +9 “6gL1 quOITa—aASNOH saaaIO WVITIM 


STIR 
ond dE Bie Fae 


x 


S35 
jee 
= 
= 


= 


> 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
I 
sd 
q 


HOUSE 


5 


WILLIAM GIBBES 


HSNOH SdddIO WVITIM 


SAAD 


AW as SE HANAANAIINNALMRiN 


— i oaieanenteaatinhieeiemehememnnatanamiemanemtie 
2 een 


aSNOH SaddID WVITUM 


fear wars. 


4 
q 


56 ie eevee a 


oi 4 

4 
- m # 
epeet 


sar ea 


nyiacanaaseaes Sedienonaiena 


¢ : ,O 1=,21—STIvlad °*,O ,l1=,%$—NOILVAaTa 


KD sais LHDIT > oe 


HLIM CIv'IN 
ANVDOHWW WUva 


VALNVW UAAO 


DNIIIAD LY ADINUOD 


P 


Bi THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 


. 
. 
. 
+ 
4 
‘ 
f ’ 
/ ‘ é 
cm 
i ‘ 
1 
a) 
os 
5 -” 
4 ~ 


ee Sane ae 


wy 


SIR HENRY CLINTON S MAP OF CHARLESTON— 1'780 


eis 


: ak Opel MYOP GY Ag MOYO ACLS VD UOLf 


tomes ae a 


QQgL1 — NOLSATYWHO 


nonempty asians sisatininaanTentte ae wnebeanit <. 
scepter nesters MASE OE ERNIE TIES 


ge: UNE TILED HBAS NOLS 2TAFHD $0 LL) Ye. JO VTE 


if ee ae : 

tf, TO res 

f id at ’ eZ Ye 

lw! a 
= 8 s 


as mama od 18 2 hi Z 


x é Aa Lee \ A 19% 
@\ : a \ “\ wh 


, 
Ly 
X 


‘ at dle 
dade: Sohal wa Ue ss 


wr. ie 


2, 


Doe ey ee ia 


THE POSTREVOLUTIONAR Y PERIO 


WURING the Revolution, Charleston became one of the chief focal 
points of the war-zone. After successfully resisting a combined 
naval and military attack in 1776, under General Clinton and Sir 
Peter Parker, it was swept by a destructive fire in 1778, shelled 
by General Prevost in 1779, and finally, after the fall of Savannah, 
was shut in by Clinton, with fortifications thrown across the neck of land be- 
tween the two rivers and by a fleet anchored in the harbor. In 1780, after a 
protracted siege, General Lincoln surrendered the city to the British, who did 
not evacuate until December, 1782. 

When the chaos of war ceased, the town presented the appearance of an 
armed camp. A considerable area lay within the fortifications, but there were 
few buildings, and several of these were barracks. In many parts of the town 
were large vacant spaces called “greens”; these had been used for drilling and 
maneuvering troops. The whole terrain was intersected by lagoons, tide marshes, 
and creeks navigable by small craft and spanned by bridges to connect the 
isolated boroughs. 

Commerce and trade had disappeared; many substantial Tory citizens had 
fled; even the leaders of the victorious patriots had been ruined financially. There 
was no stable system of currency, and there was no credit available with which 
to start new business. Until raw products could be produced for export, ex- 
treme poverty prevailed. The production of indigo, which had been subsidized 
by the Crown and had been the source of much wealth, had now ceased, never 
to be revived. Until cotton was introduced as a staple, and the swamps along 
the rivers had been systematically cleared and dyked for the more general culti- 
vation of rice, the depression continued. In 1787, water mills took the place of 
manual processes for cleaning and polishing the grain, effecting a greater profit. 
Banks were established and foreign trade, which had been formerly monopolized 
by Great Britain, spread to all parts of Europe. Manufactured articles needed 
by the entire state were imported by the merchants, while down the rivers to 
the wharves floated barges from the plantations, bearing vast quantities of rice, 
and along the miry roads plodded long defiles of ox-drawn wagons piled high 
with cotton from the up-country. At the shops and taverns in Broad, Elliot, 


PHeEePOST*REVOLUDIONAR Yer hin OD 103 


and Tradd streets could be found English hardware and woolens, French silks 
and brandies, Canton china, Madras prints, Spanish and Portuguese wines, and 
Jamaica rum. 

Prosperity grew with the closing of the eighteenth and the opening decades 
of the nineteenth century. With the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars, fol- 
lowing the French Revolution, the British Navy destroyed the French merchant 
marine, and France opened her commerce to neutrals; thus American trade pros- 
pered greatly, supplying France and the French West Indies with food-stufts. 
This led to reprisals from Great Britain, reflected here by the disappearance of 
foreign commerce and the accumulation of raw produce, with an accompanying 
decline in values and loss of capital, which was further aggravated by the “State 
of War” that existed with France for some years. The conditions became acute 
prior to the War of 1812, but by 1816 hard times had passed and the town 
entered upon a new period of prosperity and expansion which lasted until the 
debacle of 1860. 

It will be noted, in general, that intensive building usually follows a period 
of commercial activity, and that construction frequently goes forward when the 
tide of prosperity has reached its flood or has begun to ebb. This may be ac- 
counted for by the fact that building operations proceeded slowly in those days 
and considerable time was spent in preparation before the project could be com- 
menced. With the first economic recovery following the Revolution, we note 
the erection of a considerable number of religious, philanthropic, and social in- 
stitutions, as well as commercial and domestic buildings. 

Perhaps the most gifted architect of this period was Gabriel Manigault, the 
third of his family in America to bear that name. He was a gentleman rice- 
planter of independent means who had completed his education in Geneva and 
London and brought home with him from England a valuable architectural 
library. He was the first Charleston architect in the more modern acceptance 
of the term, in that he prepared designs to be executed by builders. However, 
his equipment seems to have been more that of a cultured amateur than of the 
thoroughly trained professional. All of his work betrays the elegant attenuation 
of proportions, smallness of scale, and flatness of detail which characterize the 
work of the Adam Brothers and their immediate successors. He died in Phila- 
delphia in 1809. 

The dwelling-house of this period following immediately after the Revolu- 
tion displays considerable ingenuity and variety of plan. Gracefully winding 
stairways and oval drawing-rooms indicate the influence of architects conversant 


104 CHARLESTON; SOU DR CAhWOL TNA 


with contemporary French as well as English practice. Paneling disappears from 
the interiors, except as wainscoting. Mouldings become very small in scale and 
of greater variety of profile. Much reeding and channeling is resorted to, as well 
as composition ornament of standardized Adam types. Plaster cornices and 
centerpieces enrich the lofty ceilings in the main rooms. Piazzas, or open gal- 
leries, in two or three tiers, assume greater proportions and extend the entire 
length of the house along the western or southern exposure, shielding the house 
from the hot rays during the day and affording an airy retreat in the evening. 
Various expedients were employed to overcome the lack of unity of design 
which these many-storied appendages imposed. Perhaps the most successful 
was to reduce the columns to very slender proportions and span them with ex- 
tremely flat segmental arches. This gives the piazza frankly the character of 
secondary importance and emphasis and is sufficiently pleasing in appearance to 
be tolerated. Later, with the advent of a more rigid classicism, the end of the 
piazza facing the street was sometimes walled up and treated with windows 
similar to those on the rest of the house. The fallacy of this contrivance is at 
once apparent when the house is viewed at an angle across the garden. 

These general types of buildings continued in use up to the Civil War, 
although, with the approach of the middle of the century, there appeared an 
increasing tendency towards the large in scale accompanied by the simplification 
and coarsening of the detail, due to the replacement of white craftsmen by negro 
artisans. While there is no sharp line of demarcation between the post-Revo- 
lutionary and the ante-bellum periods—for the transition is continuous—yet the 
final development is so far from the point of departure as to make some distinc- 
tion seem appropriate. 


SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH—I8I1 


OIQZI—-1IQI—HOUNHS 8 TNVd “LS 


HAS SUT, 


1 


i 


IRON GATES— 1823 


HERAN CHURCH— 1815-1818 


ST. JOHN'S LUT 


<> 


ee: 7x j bys 
| | oy, \ 


Roce 


RLOGH HPQ : 


< 
) sy 
RMN MME oo 
shcnamespae gegen nat ees) er y E 
HUN Secacan semeanrean 1 || 
a NG | | 
! i \ 
| | | i 
i 
H i i] i) 
) 
| 
| {| ) 
i ! 
! ) 


} PLCC I 
yu 4 
i } \ 
} l 
| NH WOW 
~| | \ ea | } | } 
it | 
| ‘a 1 ill | | 
P | | i 1 ! ] H 
| | i iH | My | | 
i i | ) Wk i 
2 I} i i 
| | rit LI | F Win 
hi | Vit f a | | = ate l | 
! ) | i i { Vi }! a || 
HN j t l | | | i i | } 
f I \ | ) ) H } | 
| Hl | | i | MHI | { 
4 | | i \ i) ! It) | \\ 
\ i} } i | | i | 
| } | + | 
\ ad ii 
! — || | i DN | A 
i i — i) 
| iit HNTLURTMT TTT THAT GTETeia TNT How Ion eo 
) i 
iH |) ee i 
J “ | 
i} 
om il tits 
DOO CTT pean 
\ | i Hl 
] i 
! A tI 
i 


XO 
X92 


{) 
4) hoy 
INO a f ait Er 
1, 
} i 'Y 
me | : 
1 an 
| | 
hf { 
if 
i i] | 4 


| | | 
| 
i 
! | i 
! 
) H j Wi 
i 
| | ; ; if 
I} 
tt tit ae L 
i) '} ih 
INN UAUSOTI UR FLAN LMU a | 
! 


| =e 


m 
\ 


J 


ONE 


ST. JOHN'S LUTHERAN CHURCH — IRON GATES 


DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS 
SCALE—33"=1’ oO” 


1814 


FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 


ARCHITECT 


> 


UNITED STATES BANK—I80I (NOW CITY HALL). GABRIEL MANIGAULT 


ARCHITECT 


> 


GABRIEL MANIGAULT 
JUDGE WILLIAM DRAYTON 


HAPEL— 1802 


(Top) CHARLESTON ORPHAN HOUSE C 


ARCHITECT 


bp] 


1800. 


1788- 


(BOTTOM) COURT HOUSE — BETWEEN 


LOALIHOUV SUANSAM AOrMAdTUA “STQI NI Gaqdqdv OOILuod 
LOALIHOUV SLINVOINVW Taluavo ‘YOQI—TIVH ALAIOOS VNITOUVO HLNOS 


SNOWIS LYddTV Ad NMVUC LOGLIHOUV SLINVOINVW Taragvy ‘OOLI LNOAyY—aANGOT ALVD —dSNOH S LINVOINVW Hdasol 


Jpi_—760) Or 
renoy pyro Sriay yd cop 


am, 
iS 
F atin ot 


— FPF SSS as 


fprvxclost g Supupotp yy 


3 


Ge Ree Nien 
ZIAYL 


<j 
ae, 


»~ 
haw 


3 


T 
i 
iL 


SS... 


No IF 


! 
| 


| 
| 
i 


ayuny) 


Qi 
PE 


f 

. { 

Peon 
f 


as. y dd : 
Y pecttorn FA 


Ba 
AT | 


| 
| 


Peet ‘Clevatto pages 


JOSEPH MANIGAULT’S HOUSE— GATE LODGE DRAWN BY A. T. 8S. STONEY 


RO 


JOSEPH MANIGAULT'S HOUSE— GATE LODGE 


LaTUIS ONILAIW OL 
WOOWONIMVUA 


$gL1—sualuvnd SINVAYIS—daSNOH $ Ava TIVH OHITa 


~ AA TEE 
SVB 


=f 


Vy : 


Pa eas 


= 
oe 
tke 


Ot 


St Fe AASY ALES i 4 eabeititie 


x < SYUALT ONE A 


= menaiains 


MOO OOO 


Te 


Ws eusme Tibi / 
WEscueensasanGY yp 

; oF 177 

U8, Ore 

KAM Nig" x 


WY ca 
ae 
Ga, 


c 
i) 
SN 
~ 


c 

rani \, A —— ee s 
t Vy 4 bers “a we iP aresno* | ee h Nae rapes i ngs" 
£ 
Ss 


~~ 
\: 


WS 
S 
eS 
n 

a 
B 
2 
Ss 

Say 
yi 
v 


a 


P| 


mu 


arent 


BEFORE 1806. 24 GEORGE STREET 


5 


JUDGE KING S HOUSE 


Dn gpnedi edge 


i iansnncnanRsan 
(OGD NNCCONN NONLIN 


Yj, Folding 
{<“ — Blinds 


EOD EWINOD (YD OVA CVO .CVD NWI END CVD NPA: sts ave nencreere ste 
: = —o ees 


Se 


Ploster 


Walt 


Arch & Cornice Profile Section on £ 


Wood 


4 
4 


| 
i 
( 


PE 


Scale of Detail 


Inches. 
O' Fe 


JUDGE KING'S HOUSE— PALLADIAN WINDOW DRAWN BY A. T. S. STONEY 


aSNOH S$ ONIX aodantl SNOWIS LYddTV Ad NMVUG @SNOH S$ TIaSsnad TAINVHLVN 


1909p ,¢ fo woz 


Yap issss teu) Is 


LAAULS ONILATW 1S ‘LIQI AWOdaG — ASNOH S& T1assnud TWINVHLVYN 


6 


TT 
WH 


willl 


MILE 


I 


= 
= 

= 
= 
= 
~ 


i] 


Bi 


Me i) 
tiie I? 


i 


ASNOH 8 T1TaSsNad THAINVHLVN 


tT 
fl 


> QUARTERS 


SERVANTS 


HOUSE 


’ 


NATHANIEL RUSSELL $ 


LaquLs aouoas Fi *L6L1 LnNOayY —aSNOH AANNYONId-NOLAIIAGIW AHL 


# 
z 
f 
H 
“ 
k 


| 


i 


| _ I MAM 


Ss 


eel’ 
Inches 


30 


25 


20 


10 12 14 16 18 20 


5 
Bas 68 


° 


Doorway 


Scale of Plans 
Scale of 


THE MIDDLETON-PINCKNEY HOUSE— FRONT DOORWAY AND FIRST FLOOR PLAN. 


DRAWN BY A. T. S. STONEY 


-ASNOH AANYONIG-NOLAIGGIN FHL 


; TU eee 
Ra Me > ae ge a a 


mn 


is 


celestial 


ars A Li he 


agegegey 


14 BULL STREET 


E— ABOUT 1800. 


WILLIAM BLACKLOCK S HOUS 


WILLIAM BLACKLOCK’S HOUSE 


6 © 


pay le of Dra wing 


Scale of Details. 


DRAWN BY A. T. S. STONEY 


FRONT STEPS 


WILLIAM BLACKLOCK’S HOUSE 


Hunan ail 
lar Section 
aid 


a 


OSD Be BE) i a a ee a eae 


cul 


A — 


i 
mee 


MI 
f 
i 


\ 
iS 
i ue 


oS I Hf 
\ = = - a ee - Ft 
=== | SSSSSSSssq lek 
SAT 
HHARH HB ABBE 
wes 5 Rae Lane + eae 
q a HE 


WILLIAM BLACKLOCK’S HOUSE— FRONT DOOR DRAWN BY A. T. S. STONEY 


WILLIAM BLACKLOCK’S HOUSE 


LaaULS GVOUd JO YANUOO AHL LV LAPULS GONVUO NO ALVSD V SuUaLUVvVNd SINVAWdS — ASNOH 8 AOOTAOV TA WVITIIM 


N 
NI 
> 
\ 
N 
s 
iS 
iS 


: 
S 
< 
SN 
S 
mS 
S 
N 
N 
N 
N 
\ 
\ 


Arg 
aS, 


fe 


LLEEL 


PAULL, UORNRURGERTELLUCY SRARRORAREMAOAR 


DANIEL RAVENEL’§ HOUSE—SERVANTS’ QUARTERS— ABOUT 1800. 68 BROAD STREET 


he sheieaee cee 


* CHAMBER: 


*DIAING- DINING - 
- ROM: ROM - 


TETRIS * Fi PLANS: * SECOND: FL@R° PLAN = 


VANDERHORST ROW— 1800. EAST BAY DRAWN BY SAMUEL LAPHAM, JR. 


VANDERHORST ROW 


HOUSE AT 92 CHURCH STREET— COACH HOUSE AT LEFT 


% 
i 


SR era 


“ATE 


OUSE— 1800. 77 MEETING STREET 


5 


JOSIAH SMITH S H 


UUM f 


i 


HOUSE AT 8 MEETING STREET 


AV LSVa NI gaSNOH LaaULS SHAGID Q “TT—-OTZI—ASNOH S NOLAVUG WVITTIIM 


il 


eee ill 
iv 


See > ae 


SRE 2 


Sens. tA ales IM SOROS 
sa» ae eae 


titi 


WILLIAM DRAYTON’S HOUSE 


aes: iB 


~~ 


See Newhe om Sha Rea. aed | ge SG one 


“ Bina oe eS . . = “ rates = ney * - phe a 
Bee tc kelheA Mek kel att a ot et oll et hated ac tne CUTLER CE 
‘ ; na 5 ee 


re + Pe >. MR + 


WILLIAM DRAYTON’S HOUSE (TOP) 
WILLIAM AIKEN’S HOUSE— BEFORE 1827. 456 KING STREET (BOTTOM) 


DANIEL VERANEL’S HOUSE— ABOUT 1800. 68 BROAD 


STREET 


) 
; 


oi 


i 


Za 


GEORGE EDWARDS’ HOUSE (TOP). COACH HOUSE (BOTTOM) 


a ee ai he 


a 


Se 
wy 


@ 


> F 


I 


= 


I 


14 LEGARE STREET 


HOUSE— BEFORE 1786. 


5 


GEORGE EDWARDS 


GEORGE EDWARDS’ HOUSE 


HSNOH SduvMdd AOUOUO 


eA LORE BIST 


if 
} 3 
4 
i 
. 


aASNOH SduvMdd ADUoOIO 


SEO 
é oo 4 


Nh 


aASNOH SduvMda a 
4 Swodd LadauLS ONILAAW QI “ASNOH S$ LINVOINVW AUNAH 


. 


WHR ME PRM ERE 


a 


aSNOH § LINVOINVW AYNAH aNd lsd — LaIULS NNOHTVO “ASNOH SVONT NVHLYNO[L 


Ddy SancoaganaaNHOCIOH 


ws | 
ben ow Mee 


LaaaLs HOUNHO OIT LV aSNOH LUIULS HOUNHO FII LV ASNOH 


= 
=] 
= 
= 
s| 
J 
SE 


as 


_ ——— ; te . 
SUEOMNCL TIMENSOESE 170 MNO AE NEN 


ig 
Seen Poo oe av wl tod WON aie Stes Sle RW 


JONATHAN LUCAS’ HOUSE 


HOUSE AT 13 CHURCH STREET 


oD 


tata 


Beet tg ty pry ty ty 


Fophetutatutetrtetehy tata ety! 


: 


e a 


} 
| 
t 


inwey 


HOUSE AT 55 EAST BAY 


HOUSE AT 20 MONTAGUE STREET 


ii ae a aE ee abet . 


eS 


a 
a 
oe) 
& 
& 
a3} 
ss 
oS 
= 
n 
pom | 
= joa) 
E : 
Ee Ll 
* : 
5 [oe) 
oa 
oe) 
H 
Q 
fad 
e) 
om 
wa 
ise] 
23} 
wn 
a5 
Oo 
ener rr 
erent = 
SS mn 
| ent Oo 
: 7a) 
a 
io) 
#2 a 
— =“ 
— o 
are: < 
aE T > > 
WEMBLEY oO 
+ Ros (eB 
aE TD, B 


HOUSE AT '7I ANSON STREET (BOTTOM) 


iad 


HOUSE AT 173 RUTLEDGE AVENUE (TOP) 
GOVERNOR THOMAS BENNETT'S HOUSE — LUCAS STREET (BOTTOM) 


Ele Vatton. 


$ Inches. 


3 


12g “asd 


Seale: 
Detail 


— 
ies 
= Mainz 
a 
=, 
Let 
i 


Point of Support? 


DRAWN BY A. T. S. STONEY 


THE WINDING STAIRWAY 


+) 


GOVERNOR BENNETT S HOUSE— 


TL 
a 
o 
i 

a 

O 

LJ 

©) 

U 

@) 

a 
) 
i 
fo) 
a 
(6) 
a 
© 
a 

C)} | 
L] 
©) 
| 
O 
late 

a 

C)} | 

a 
me 
G) 
L 
- Q 
Mie, 
©) 
L 
C) 
C) 
i 
) 


pay eee iy 
Ae 


ical : 
2) 
=) . 
2) ; ¢ 
fo) F 
P 
E 
Z 
a 
f os 
[ea] 
nN r 
gs 3 
= 4 
S ‘ 
ical 

4 
ie) 
e 
pea] j 
> ae 
e) 
1o) 


aSNOH S,LLANNad SVWOHL YWONUAZAOD 


oe ee eee 


Et + -* 2S ae 


eal 
2) 
pe Sree Set pererrrsr a 
iq 
nm 
© y 
D Ee a 
ical 
vA 
v4 
: a 
wien anes susenanyr-inasieoniivnmeir nianianingnpen Nimmo Went “crave —nowan vey sehr ar ighineerec Eten renal a wm 
roeeaea toot ee oe » gre ieee “ee : S . 
et mete pe Aaa em aR tr ae — SIy s 
(oe) “ 
x y 
4 eT: 
Z 
2 
OR 
1o) € 


af wg 
a 7 # 
a 
: rt 
" ‘ 
= 


f i aasreiniin wMaeelliee y/ fs 
wil aaa 
; ownage ent | 


* srs gene i j 


i Re 


a! jetted UIE 
‘ BURAEOIEELRERLE_IACRERELDDE 


a 


PHLDOLUNURELLSHT HELD 
Bean OO aed 


Fy, 


mT 
A at 
(LAE 


ji Ma E11 


HOUSE AT 21 CHARLES STREET 


THE MAGWOOD HOUSE— 39 SOUTH BATTERY 


P2293 
== ess, 


ce 
\ 
\ 


Ne es 


2 
wy, 


sta 
oY, 


> 
SS 


eee 


CA=saG 
Se MEY 


ay: 
Canvey, 


= 
eS 


(Da. 
BAYES. 


AS, 
= 
Y~= 


> 


SSS 


©a¥ 


Ay; 
Sx“ 


WZ 
¢ 
WT ae ff); 


Gz 


probably 
a poplacement 


base 


EXTERIOR 


DRAWN BY ALBERT SIMONS 


‘WIE HH}, WO?” 


~ 
S 
S 
mS 


INTERIOR 


FRONT ENTRANCE 


THE MAGWOOD HOUSE 


to". DETAIL 


13” 
cman: 2 


SCALE — ELEVATION 


& 
— 
oa 
a4 
& 
n 
3) 
fad 
G 
1e) 
isa) 
— 
Ln 
on 
x} 
D 
=) 
O 
q 
a) 
a 
<q 
3 
val 
= 
<0) 
= 
0) 
sa 


seers 


= 


THE HEYWARD HOUSE 


UASAVUD LUAdIV Ad NMVUd WOOWDNIMVUd —dSNOH GUVMAGH AHL 


MOGNIM NVIGVT1Vd 4 
fIVil 


SNO1L9D48 

9 s We 3 Zz t o 
——— eT 
N Vid 


S17 VE 


WAI —AI,NOLLIAS 


Se 


< 


SECTION 


—), NOILDTS 


WNdasnW NOLSATYVHO AHL NI MON ‘oghi —dOHS § TINGNYAL MAYAINV WOLOOG 


THE ANTE’BELLUM PERIOD 


REFERENCES, 


Bl Old Theatre 
i 2hrvudtine Gnvent 
ie ?S!dndrews Hall 
Be 27etrow Orphan the. 
| Fdhurt Hause 
# Meaty Guard Hairsc 
Tas Garckna Salat 
|S tity Hall 
| 9 Hartestet Len Sa. 
LO State Hank 
} i Fionk of Ss. Grotna 
72 Mail head Hank 
I honk ol (harleyton 


ft fasurance & Trust lo. 


45S Grratina H! * 
IG Kechang 


18 Ligian HE J * 

4S Lib. Fra thpis. Qh. 

20 Cuhoticlrp™ Ho, 

a Poor Hause 

22 Med. follege f S.C, 
29 Marine Hospitad 
24 Jat 
27 syyprentioos Lib. Se. 
24N Ee Theatre a 
27 Charteston Hotel 
a4 Masunte Hall 

PAG High Nehewod vty Nad 
JO Charleston Callegu' 
ve Fiquet Guard Ho, 

2 Rladel 
J 3 hail Koud Peper 


2 7g vanmeke oF ech: faite BE wer ry eshatartan: H Mig 


CHARLESTON— 1849 


eFire Wells: 


. Broad. Het 


et 


CHARLESTON, 


le 


a pee 
pehyttins Sh 


‘3 
\ ee 
iene 
ene 


+m a 


Vet, 
— 


Vues is 


PEAN OE 


o 36 , 

aN 

| ar Re 
\ 


oa} 


aie i ce 
| SS 
| Mop of modern Charleston “eRe G Sf ae 
“Reet | es 
me RES 


SQ) fi! < 
ti il @ 


es 


‘g ( ’ A 
_ Show/ng a@pprox/marle a@regs  — ol : / ! r7, (| 
of the great fires of 1740,1778, =~ <e SSX Lf 
ed ¥ by id 


/796 °/838 and 1861. as 2 ae SSeS 
whe (rp. determ (nation 2 ~ 7 
bung Oe@7es. xs 


ae 


CHARLESTON—THE FIRE AREAS, DRAWN IN 1925 


THE ANTE’BELLUM PERIOD 


GETWEEN the post-Revolutionary and the ante-bellum periods 
il lies the decade 1815-25, which might be considered as an era of 
<ay| transition. During these years the country as a whole turned its 

S| attention from foreign problems and dangers to more intensive 
development of its own resources. 

Prior to the invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, in 1'793, only long-stapled 
cotton grown on the sea islands had proved a profitable crop, owing to the 
difficulty of separating the seed from short-staple by hand. With this new 
mechanical aid, the short-staple cotton, grown inland, could be made lucrative, 
thus leading to the enormous advance in cotton acreage, attended by the in- 
creasing use of slave labor, which, before 1810, had been on the decline through- 
out the country. Before 1834, however, South Carolina had begun to fall 
behind in the quantity of cotton produced, owing to the exhaustion of the soil 
under the system of cultivation then in use, and it was found that slave labor 
could be used only to the best advantage in developing new land; and slavery 
was becoming less and less profitable, and it seemed likely it would have gone 
out when the economic necessity no longer existed. 

In the early part of the century most of the states had spent considerable 
sums on canals as a means of inland transportation. The second in the country 
was the Santee Canal, twenty miles long, connecting the Santee and Cooper 
rivers, which was completed in 1800., Canals were later to be supplanted by 
railroads, and the first train in the United States ran from Charleston to Ham- 
burg, on the Savannah River, opposite Augusta. The South Carolina Railroad 
was accomplished from Charleston to Columbia, and later to Camden, by 1850. 

The improved textile machinery first used in England, then in France, and 
finally in New England, created an ever-growing demand for raw cotton, and 
precluded the diversification of crops or the development of other resources to 
any great extent in the South. In 1817, the first rice mill operated by steam 
was built in Charleston. Despite the rising tide of industrialism throughout 
the North, the South clung to agriculture, and found her interests and growth 
isolated from the rest of the country asa whole. The decade of the forties was 
one of extraordinary prosperity and continued on into the fifties. 


174 CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 


As the traditions of the post-Revolutionary period disappear, the craftsman- 
builder and his work count for less and less, and the architect and his activities 
emerge into prominence. We hear of James Hoban, a medal-man from the 
Dublin Society of Arts, coming to South Carolina, and, through Colonel Laurens, 
gaining the official patronage of Washington. The first thoroughly trained 
Charleston-born architect was Robert Mills, deriving his professional background 
from both Latrobe and Jefferson. His buildings in his native city are now 
limited to the First Baptist Church and the County Records Building, the latter 
being, it is said, the first all-freproof construction attempted in this country. 
He also prepared plans for the enlargement of St. Michael’s Church, in his 
characteristically austere manner; happily these were never executed. Besides 
architecture, Mills devoted much time to practical problems of civil engineering 
and surveying, and his atlas of South Carolina is probably the most compre- 
hensive ever made of the state. As much of his most distinguished work was 
executed in Richmond, Baltimore, and Washington, it need not be touched 
on here. : 

In 1826, the Board of Trustees of the College of Charleston (founded in 
1770) “apply to Mr. Strickland,” of Philadelphia, for a plan for a college building. 
In 1846, this structure was amplified by the addition of a portico and lateral wings, 
added by Colonel E. Blake White, a Charlestonian, and a graduate of West 
Point. He was in residence in the city at that time, supervising the erection of 
the new Federal Custom House, and along with this official duty carried on 
an extensive practice. Later he served as a colonel of artillery in the Confed- 
erate Army, and continued to practice after the war. His most distinctive 
creation, however, is the spire of St. Philip’s, which he added to the church and 
tower by Joseph Hyde when the building was reérected after the fire of 1835. In 
the Huguenot Church and in Grace Episcopal Church (1848), Colonel White de- 
parts from the classic tradition and essays his skill in the manner of the Gothic 
Revival. Before this time, stables and coach-houses had been built with pointed 
windows and crenellated gables, but their builders had evidently created these 
anachronisms in a spirit of pleasantry, and had not regarded them seriously. 
But with the rise of the romantic movement, architects displayed their erudition 
by producing buildings in different styles for different purposes. This was a 
fallacy into which the older generation of craftsmen-builders had never been 
led, and was a distinctive loss to the harmonious character which the town 
must have possessed up to this time. 

Colonel White’s most active competitor was the firm of Jones & Lee, 


THE ANTEBELLUM PERTOD 175 


evidently younger men. In the Unitarian Church, they score on Colonel White 
by reproducing, in lath and plaster, the fan-vaulting of Henry VII's Chapel. 
In St. Luke’s Episcopal Church their work was interrupted by the war. Lee 
served as captain of engineers and assisted General Beauregard in his fight 
against the Federal blockade by the ingenious invention of a spar-torpedo. After 
the war, while still a comparatively young man, he emigrated to St. Louis, 
where he resumed the practice of architecture with renewed success. Besides 
these leading practitioners there were a number of lesser as well as out-oftown 
men who did occasional work. 

Shortly after the close of the Revolution, Jonathan Lucas, an English mill- 
wright, was shipwrecked near the mouth of the Santee River. Here he erected, 
in 1817, the first waterpower rice mill, and soon created an extensive business 
throughout the Tidewater Country, which continued to be carried on by three 
generations of the same name. There were numerous rice mills built in Charles- 
ton, three of which have survived to the present day —Chisolm’s Mill, Ben- 
nett’s Mill, and West Point Rice Mills. They show that in this period the 
design of commercial buildings was given as much consideration as that of 
public buildings or dwellings. Essentially factories, their proportions, the proper 
relationship of voids and solids, and the lightand-shade effects of surfaces were 
all carefully studied, and conformed admirably with the architecture of the city. 
Far from being eye-sores, they were imposing monuments, and in Bennett's Mil 
may be seen the height of a distinctly Palladian version of industrial architecture.] 

Many of the buildings that we have considered owe a great deal of their 
character and distinction to the presence of wroughtron gates, fences, balconies, 
and grilles. Much of this iron-work was made during ante-bellum times (i. ¢., 
prior to 1861), or even later, for the traditions of this craft have survived to 
the present day. 

The earliest iron-worker we know of was Tunis Tebaut; he, and a partner, 
William Johnson, were recorded before the Revolution as “blacksmiths,” carry- 
ing on an extensive business on “Beal's Wharf.” At an earlier date, the name 
Tebaut appears among the Huguenot settlers on the Santee. Works attributed 
to him by tradition are several fences and gates around churches erected in 
post-Revolutionary times. 

In 1820, Iusti came to Charleston from Germany. His best-known works are 
the gates of St. Michael's Church Yard, which bear the inscription “Justi Fecit.” 

Werner came over from Germany in 1828, and as late as 1870 was still 
working. He ran an extensive business, with numerous helpers, including among 


176 CHARLESTON; SOUTH CAROLINA 


others a white man named Dothage, and “Uncle Toby Richardson,” colored. 
Many of Werner's pieces are repetitions of the same few designs. This may 
be accounted for by the execution having been delegated to assistants, and to the 
fact that he was burnt out and lost all of his patterns. He is responsible for much 
cast iron, similar in design to that in many other cities of this period. 

In 1847, the last German iron-worker, Frederic Julius Ortmann, came here 
from Baden-Baden. He had hardly established himself when the war came on 
and he served with the local German militia in the defense of his adopted city. 
After the war he resumed his craft, which is continued to this day by his sons, 
following the precedents established by Werner almost a century ago. 

Of the ante-bellum dwelling-houses, the most striking characteristic is the 
tendency toward the grandiose and magnificent, tempered by an almost academic 
classicism. This is exemplified in the use of porticos of the colossal order, 
usually derived from the monument of Lysikrates or from the Tower of the 
Winds, so enticingly illustrated in the “Antiquities of Athens.” Ceilings attain 
an unprecedented loftiness, with tall, narrow windows extending to the floor, 
giving access to balconies, or protected by cast-iron grilles of anthemion patterns. 
The wainscot disappears, leaving as its survival a very high baseboard of mas- 
sive mouldings. Mantels lose entirely their genial cheerfulness and become 
truncated Greek doorways executed in black-and-gold-veined marble. To ac- 
complish the altitude of the second story, the stair winds up in a great hemi- 
cycle at the end of a hall with, somewhere along its flight, a niche sheltering 
a marble Amazon or a bronze of Lord Byron. The furniture was mostly of 
Empire design, with a good deal of brass mounting. Tall French mirrors, set over 
mantels or between windows, enhanced the apparent size of the apartments and 
reflected the glow of crimson damask hangings and the quiet hues of Sully portraits. 
It was essentially an age of dominant and forceful individuals, who, in the character 
of their homes, expressed their personalities without reserve. Most of what was 
then admired is dismissed today with the general condemnation of being “early 
Victorian,” without being given the benefit of unprejudiced critical judgment. 

In the foregoing we have attempted briefly to point out something of the 
sequence in the physical development of the town; to stress those fleeting periods 
when, under favorable economic conditions, wealth accumulated and expressed 
its ideals and tastes in enduring fabrics, even as affluence faded into poverty to 
reappear again in newer modes and enthusiasms. 


ALBERT SIMONS, A. I. A. 
SAMUEL LAPHAM, JR., A. I. A. 


ST. PHILIP'S CHURCH — THE STEEPLE, E. BLAKE WHITE, ARCHITECT 


LOALIHOUV “AGAH HdaSOf “$€QI—HOUNHO S.dITIHd “1s 


i 
peta 4 tr ae ae heh albeaden! | eat 


aren IR | 


pal LLL i 


| 


A re 
| ill 


Cee) ae | 


gt 


te ray = 
et: 


Sie 
aes — 


OtOI —1dONVHO AGNV UWIOHO— HOUNHO S$ dITIHd “LS 


6 


eo 


VES 
MEISE anak 


. = terme ol 5 


ST. PHILIP’S CHURCH 


UNITARIAN CHURCH (FOREGROUND) — 1852 


EDWARD C. JONES AND FRANCIS D,. LEE, ARCHITECTS 


aASNOH HSI¥Vd—HOUNHO § di TiHd “LS 


ASNOH HSIYVd—HOUNHO TVNOILVOAYONOO 


BAPTIST CHURCH — WENTWORTH STREET 


SYNAGOGUE — HAZEL STREET — 1838 


—— WARNER (NEW YORK), ARCHITECT 


LOILIHOUV SALIHM ANWId “A “VYQI—HOUNHO LONANONH AHL 


AARNE TATE 


arenes 


roan 


aug eaane 


geey 


. 


ke i de ia i i 


ee 


rf 
. : agh 
Nan ies 


FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH — 1822. ROBERT MILLS, ARCHITECT 


EPR VOR 


S. 


ARCHITECT 


> 


ROBERT MILLS 


7832, 


EPROOF BUILDING —I 


ee 


MESNE CONVEYANCE OFFICE— FIR 


Mee we 
Sex 
Saree 


- S41 
eat A 


ett 


— 


WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH — 1850 (TOP). EDWARD C. JONES, ARCHITECT 
BETHEL METHODIST CHURCH — 1853 (BOTTOM) 


pact d, 
PY Rt”) 
= | +4 


—— £9 fy ae 


s.. 
aD PRP 2% S *, 
Y al ), 


> 


ae 


= 
oul 


Kf 


I PRIOLEAU STREET 


ES. 


MERCHANTS OFFIC 


—— 


— 
aS ee 


COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON—CENTRAL PORTION, WILLIAM STRICKLAND, ARCHITECT— 1828. 


WINGS AND PORTICO, E, BLAKE WHITE, ARCHITECT— 1850. GATE LODGE, BEFORE 1852, 
E. BLAKE WHITE, ARCHITECT (PROBABLY) 


OW 1c~ al 


a 
* 


MARKET HALL— 1841 


a 


ac | 


i 


vw oy 


oe Ye ~~ 


hale 


¥, 


See 


man 


yy 
= ¥. 


) rs a AVf. AL | 
Pet yO 
» 3. ER apes © 


== 


—— 


> 
Pa Fras 


ie 
=. 
of | 


a 


re 
ieee | at ares 


mel 7 | tip 7 
A) ‘ 
eel m1 . 
BM oe 
hee BELLE TR 
<M Gisi 6° @ 
“ce, af Mi Use ell 
A. “ih S\N 
“Ww Swriw 


a. 
i [ 
p> wo 
ig al ANA 
, ba = 
en oo 


et 


org guar * 
eS a (le oo oo 


¢ 


@ 
ee 9) 
a bs 


x : a) | 


GATE—CITY HALL PARK 


GATE— HIBERNIAN HALL— 1840 


1840. IUSTI, MAKER 


CH GATE 


ST. MICHAEL § CHUR 


4 CUMBERLAND STREET 


5 


McLEISH S$ SMITHY. 


LOALIHOUV “WANSAM AOMAGAUA “TlL-OtTQI—TdaVLIO dHL =LOGLIHOUV “LGUVHOIau ——— ‘L$Q1 quodaa—TSLOH NOLSATYVHO 


(Lda) ALVO UvaU— ORI ANOdad ‘AVA LSVE “ANWA SOINVHOAW ANW SUALNW1d 


S505) S 3 Cx KX 
O) Cx LAV ROO 
COOK x a Ot 


—- key 


a 


(3 
HI 


aya 
i 
pts 
i 


AMR 


iH 
Hy 


QUARTERS (BOTTOM) 


a bEg SS 


ibe 


i ae in it 
TY, ae ‘i 


: WI 


I 


PLANTERS HOTEL (TOP), BEFORE 1835. 13'7 CHURCH STREET 


PLANTERS AND MECHANICS BANK—SERVANTS 


LAW-OFFICE OF JAMES LOUIS PETIGRU— 1848. ST. MICHAEL'S ALLEY (TOP). E. BLAKE WHITE, ARCHITECT 
WROUGHT IRON AWNING SUPPORTS. 152 CHURCH STREET (BOTTOM) 


TV Vet FEEL OR 


PRNTTTITIT TU ANTI we 


eS 
su ane ah 
Ides intr on 


BENNETT'S RICE MILL— 1844 


ICE MILL— 1830 (TOP). WEST POINT RICE MILL— 1860 (BOTTOM) 


CHISOLM § R 


HOUSE AT THE CORNER OF ANN AND MEETING STREETS 


OUSE— 1820. 26 MEETING STREET 


OUSE— ABOUT 1845. 13 EAST BATTERY STREET. WILLIAM MASON SMITH S H 


) 


WILLIAM RAVENEL 8S H 


ELIAS VANDERHORST'S HOUSE— AFTER 1832. 28 CHAPEL STREET 


Ht 


UN) a 


NE 


| 


rT 
ah, 
ee 


ELIAS VANDERHORST’S HOUSE (TOP) 
CHARLES ALLSTON’S HOUSE— 1838. 21 EAST BATTERY (BOTTOM) 


CHARLES ALLSTON’S HOUSE 


AUVNOS OOVUM ‘MOU NAXIV 


Fug 


Pt 


pe 


Laquls ALLOTYVHO QI “OFgI LNOAY—aASNOH § NILUVW LUIAOU 


i 
Mi 


YY ( 
A 


EN 


ie ORES aly 


~ 


4 


oe 


y ’ 
ise 
| ils 


OUSE 


5 


ROBERT MARTIN 8S H 


HOUSE AT '75 ANSON STREET 


tits 
eee RC eRGKeTRENGRUSGGa Sune Ea) 


SSSSR58S6 88 Sua Be 


THE RIPLEY HOUSE. 2I GEORGE STREET 


: abe ni oy 
$ i 
CS p= 
5 a! a s - Mest 
NYS 2 
Ps 


ae) ¢ 


iit 


JAMES NICHOLSON’S HOUSE— AFTER 1830. 1'72 RUTLEDGE AVENUE 


i 


il 


| 


l 


lh 


To. _./zrerere, at 
TSS ee es = | 
ft 


A 


‘ 
JOSEPH AIKEN’S HOUSE— 1848. 20 CHARLOTTE STREET 


f ANNAAV AaTHsv SL Lv asNOH é _ ASNOH S_NOSIOHOIN sawvf 


. 
| 
. 


frrvetaer eee tert ery ere ee ek 


tee 


ancien gyre 


OUSE— AFTER 1845. Q EAST BATTERY 


WILLIAM ROPER § H 


” 


f 


32 LEGARE STREET 


Ane 
PS 


. 


THE SIMONTON GATE 


THE SIMONTON GATE 


SIGNATURES AND IDENTIFIED WORKS OF 
pO VibgObe Lob B ARTY VAR CHLEE@ISeAND BUILDERS 
OF CHARLESTON 


PETERVHORLBECK 


For signature see page 217 


Born Died 


JOHN HORLBECK 


For signature see page 217 


Born 1729. Died 


PRACTICED AS 
PETER ann JOHN HORLBECK 


Circa 1767-1792 


IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : 


The Exchange, 1767 
The Synagogue, 1792 (Steedman & Horlbeck). Destroyed 1838 


GABRIEL MANIGAULT 


ey A ee ay 7 
fe SE? Re, ok a ok oN 
igh (Ay Ash * 5 Seat. ie Lae ay 

7 Nae LF Fs 
nf we « , rd 


Patil, tee j 


IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : 
Joseph Manigault House, Meeting and John Sts. 
About 1790 
Gabriel Manigault House, Meeting and George Sts. 
About 1800 
Bank of the United States, 1801 
Chapel of the Orphan House, 1802 
South Carolina Society Hall, 1804 


ROBERT MILLS 


For signature see page 217 


Born 1781. Died 1855 


IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : 


First Baptist Church, 1822 
County Record Building, 1822 
Circular Church, 1804. Destroyed 1861 


WILLIAM STRICKLAND 


OF PHILADELPHIA 


IDENTIFIED BUILDING : 
Main Building, College of Charleston, 1828 


[HOMME IAG Re DY s: 
Born Died —— 
Practiced circa 1835-1840 

IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : 


St. Philip’s Church, 1835 
Masonic Temple, Market St. Destroyed 1838 
Market Hall (?), 1841 


WARNER 


OF NEW YORK 


Synagogue, Beth Elohim, 1838 


FREDERICK WESNER 


Born 


Practiced circa 1813-1841 
IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : 


Portico, South Carolina Society Hall, 1825 
The Citadel, 1829-32 
Old Medical College, 1827 


SIGNATURES AND IDENTIFIED WORKS, Continued 


EDWARD BLAKE WHITE 


lupe O90 Gees 


Born Died —— 
Practiced circa 1841-1876 


IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : 
Huguenot Church, 1844 
Grace Church, 1848 
Petigru Law Office, 1848 
College of Charleston, Wings of Main Building, 1850 
U.S. Custom House, 1850 
Spire of St. Philip’s Church 
Charleston Gas Light Co. Office, 141 Meeting St., 1876 


G. GC. WALKER 
College of Charleston, Library Building, 1855 


PRANGIS, DELEE 
pe EDWARD C. JONES 


A 

ee ON eb VLEp Born ——- Died — 

COL “-t., Cus ; vi Lie. a sll e 
Born 1826. Died 1885 


Removed from Charleston to St. Louis, Mo., in 1868 


PRACTICED INDIVIDUALLY AND AS FIRM OF 
JONES anv LEE 


Circa 1849-1862 


IDENTIFIED BUILDINGS : 


Westminster Presbyterian Church, 1850 (Edward C. Jones) 
Unitarian Church, 1852 (Jones and Lee) 

State Bank of South Carolina, No. 1 Broad St., 1853 (Francis D. Lee) 
Farmers and Exchange Bank, 135 East Bay, 1854 (Jones and Lee) 
Remodeling of Charleston Orphan House, 1855 (Jones and Lee) 

Citadel Square Baptist Church, 1856 (Jones and Lee) 
St. Luke’s Episcopal Church, 1862 (Francis D. Lee) 


- # J a. raw f felay wie me ae | ; Po 
nn mee te hha ‘ Kell or re ea rs he h : ‘ < 5 en ae 4 
a Z ee rey ee = ale d Phees, tifrers eee Comte ath 1404 Va Yhrr eSkrte Alaye od ehative 


Pe tur fA , Sy ie pd 
=. < lit fe Gorrie a eS tay tor thtae es NL. aes Gq Se, wdeche cory Sue Von 3 7 tae 
4 ¢ iy « % 


< a = F + 
ia Rte 4G ; 4 - 
. F Ger 
‘we P Pog Vie \ Ive OF*9 C11 091 CZ 
ey ? vA + 
he : 


Hi ~ vad — 
\ ~~, 


yp | 
ee List Fa) ow Mh iff! Sates f Unk, cA faghart Bia 
a fomy Prtadusanunts fave ees es Correct, ae as Veco nig ere nd pee eo 
aes Shum Jo, Av ill pet ay tah inteaying kit fie hind aegeinte fe complet Hhes. 
Citibn shall ret exci? St 10.000 which wilt be tif hun. Oe half ef whet Hes tet 
Phas will bro, eslirer alan £400 GA. fr he Lirafias x SISO hid ra Bose 


hid [lerlocas Corly 40 wn he ary ears fre Yih orks, 


Ee 7 


Cra 
ree ye 


; Re «eee | 
CZ one oS auth iGo < SEY. 
PEE) 


Sf ’ ; 
; - J ; : # 
? ( a ter? . J), i, 


ae? 


» 
7 
ys : 
i Z Fh df 


a ae | Hdd tenisnd cde i blir 


= peer tty WROTE ALS ETL (APD OLA 12 
Se 

Viccupiens forand an the leball yf thu Idling 
‘ athe Yu foo Ala seus pad 2 


Halt be fro art Ls be Villa carat ff le be, 2 = 
| the tea f Croat Mira ari fief , ee 2 
hitmen the hafarwg; Prana More wi, 2 | , vs, 
Vee Wil of ther Serthyrbouthe arid What vt he ia Be. 


. $= See ee pe ae Sa LY (nae LLL 
“ta ; re =a 
l at sat é 5 ee 
aes ‘ a >. , 
; 


yi L. fp Draorritdt) (AP 1MA Pe Li cerree wilte Che eta Stlif 
Whe “ Gh tong « etrin Uatteige WZ A lart < x there fa 
J ate tL Hide: fT CODC7 UE pars Se i At oe, 
: j 
agen [terfer the Coriilazalion. ertire aflir verti 
atl Sernty wit, mak, Et Arta GPA EE J : 
4 Sees 

y wid Palériald ihe afer arurli tre (Gul Ot lo if J 
; te, td haely fl arid Me Hal furl ABE SPF. ZA Vt, lb bi 
rice ab he A272 T pe be Dorie Wr ete erly 4 

Me Surface of d Seratle tha tide Crm of the its 
tittle 7 wetepurrlice uttte plerthe Lact lprtint 2 
he Jaur Berit bargihasag Mick Und the Wa 


FP 


S. 


ROBERT MILLS’ SIGNATURE TO THE PROPOSAL FOR ENLARGING ST. MICHAEL'S (TOP) 
JOHN AND PETER HORLBECK’S SIGNATURES TO THE CONTRACT FOR BUILDING THE EXCHANGE (BOTTOM) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Bairp, C. W.: History of the Huguenot Emigration to America. 1885. 
Baptist CHurcH, CHARLESTON, History OF. 
Brackett, G. R.: History of the Second Presbyterian Church. 1898. 
Brown, E. C. L.: Sketch of the Unitarian Church, Charleston. 1882. 
Crry of CHARLESTON, YEAR Books, 1880-1890. 
City or CHARLESTON DiRECTORIES, 1790-1852. 
City Gazette AND Dairy ComMerciAL ADVERTISER, 1788-1832. 
Crark, W. A.: Banking Institutions in South Carolina prior to 1860. 1922. 
Co.iecE oF CHARLESTON: Trustees’ Minutes, 1790-1880. 
Commons JournaL MS. anp Councit Journat MS. 
Courter, THE CHARLESTON, 1803-1860. 
Datcno, Frepericx: Church History of South Carolina. 1820. 
Frazier, CHARLES: Reminiscences of Charleston. 1854. 
Corner Stone Address, College of Charleston. 1828. 

Girman, SAMUEL: The Old and the New (Unitarian Church). 1854. 
Hartow, R. V.: The Growth of the United States. 
Hotmes, G. $.: Historical Sketch of St. Michael’s Church. 1887. 
Hopkins, T. F.: Historical Sketch of St. Mary’s Church. 1897. 
Horn, E. T.: Historical Sketch of St. John’s Lutheran Church. 1884. 
Howe, Grorce: History of the Presbyterian Church in South Carolina. 1870. 
Hucuenot Cuurcu, SKETCH oF. 1885. 
Hucuenot Society or SouTH CAROLINA, TRANSACTIONS OF. 
LapHAM, SAMUEL, JR.: The Rice Mills of Charleston, S. C. (Architectural Record, August, 1923). 
Levin, NATHANIEL: Synagogue Beth Elohim. 1883. 
McCrapy, Epwarp: South Carolina under Proprietary Government. 1897. 

South Carolina under Royal Government. 1899. 

Historical Sketch, St. Philip's Church. 1896. 

Address Medical College Commencement. 1886. 
Mesne Conveyance Orrice: Deeds and Records. 
Missitpinz, A. H.: Historical Sketch of Congregational Church. 1882. 
Poyas, Mrs. (THe Ancient Lapy): Our Forefathers, Their Homes and Their Churches. 
PRESBYTERIAN CENTENNIAL. I914. 
Ramsey, Davip: History of South Carolina. 1809. 
Rivers, W. J.: Historical Sketch of South Carolina. 1856. 
Stmons, ALBERT: Minor Charleston Houses (The Architectural Forum, February, 1925). 
Smmons, ALBERT, AND Lapua, S., Jr.: The Development of Charleston Architecture (The Archi- 

tectural Forum, October, 1923, to January, 1924). 
Early Iron Work in Charleston (The Architectural Forum, 
April, 1926). 

Smiru, A. R. Hucer anp D. E. Hucer: The Dwelling Houses of Charleston. 1917. 
Smytue, A. T.: History of the Hibernian Society. 1901. 
SoutH CAROLINA GazeTTE, THE, 1732-1801. 
SoutH CAROLINA HistorIcAL AND GENEALOGICAL MAGAZINE. 
Wuson, C. C.: Robert Mills, Bulletin of the University of South Carolina, No. 77. 1919. 
Wattacez, D. D.: Life of Henry Laurens. 


THE TYPE FOR THIS BOOK WAS SET AND 

WITH THE PLATES WAS PRINTED AT THE _ 
MOUNT PLEASANT PRESS _ 
HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 


. 
es 

PN, 
% a 


bd ‘ , 
: 
r) 
t 
le 
7 he aly 
‘ oo a 
in VY 
. " 
a 
A 4 
a 4 q b 
- 4 whe 
1 am 
oA a ~ 
‘ - 
~ ll ‘. - 7 = Fe 
% . bg 
“ ; on 
ive - ape 
* ‘ Se 


iNT 


fi 


ce 
re? =~» - 
- ¥ 
a 
2 
= ~ ’ > 
=~ > = 
a =< = 
i be — eae = 
= , 7 r - sgn a ; 
a — = ’ —— —_ 
; a 
7 s v - — < 
Ve = = * —" — bs a 
a a - i 7 


ro deem 


er meee 


~~ “ 7 S*ce 


